SS-31
Also known as: Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia · Szeto-Schiller peptide 31
SS-31 selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) by binding to cardiolipin, a phospholipid exclusive to the IMM. By binding cardiolipin, SS-31 prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, stabilizes cristae structure, preserves cytochrome c association with the IMM, and maintains electron transport...
What It Is
SS-31 selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) by binding to cardiolipin, a phospholipid exclusive to the IMM. By binding cardiolipin, SS-31 prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, stabilizes cristae structure, preserves cytochrome c association with the IMM, and maintains electron transport chain (ETC) efficiency. This reduces mitochondrial ROS production, restores ATP synthesis, prevents mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, and inhibits apoptosis. It accumulates 1000-fold in mitochondria relative to cytoplasm despite having no net charge.
Supplies Needed
Reconstitution
Subcutaneous injection
Sterilization
Storage
Store at -20°C; stable 2+ years
Refrigerate at 2–8°C; use within 30 days; protect from light
This information is provided for educational and research purposes only. Not approved for human consumption by the FDA or any regulatory body. Always consult a qualified medical professional.
Dosing Protocols
Timing: Pre-exercise or morning. Start low to assess mitochondrial response; many notice increased energy within first week
↓ Apply these values to the reconstitution calculatorTiming: Morning or pre-exercise. Most research uses 0.25 mg/kg. Titrate based on body weight.
↓ Apply these values to the reconstitution calculatorTiming: Morning. Advanced anti-aging or cardiac rehabilitation protocols. IV dosing used in clinical trials.
↓ Apply these values to the reconstitution calculatorWeekly Timeline
| Week | Expected Effects |
|---|---|
| Week 1 | Reduced fatigue; improved energy levels; some users notice less post-exercise soreness |
| Week 2 | Improved exercise tolerance and endurance; reduced oxidative stress markers |
| Week 4 | Sustained energy improvement; cardiac function improvements in those with compromise; improved metabolic efficiency |
| Week 8 | Mitochondrial biogenesis benefits accumulate; reduced signs of cellular aging; improved physical performance |
Reconstitution Calculator
1 unit on U-100 syringe = 0.01 mL · Always label your vial after reconstitution
Injection Technique & Reconstitution
- Wipe vial stopper with alcohol swab and allow to dry
- Draw 5 mL bacteriostatic water into syringe
- Inject BAC water slowly along vial wall u2014 do not spray on powder
- Gently swirl until fully dissolved
- Store at 2u20138u00b0C; protect from light
Use our free peptide dosage calculator to get the exact syringe units for your vial size and dose.
Mechanism of Action
SS-31 selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) by binding to cardiolipin, a phospholipid exclusive to the IMM. By binding cardiolipin, SS-31 prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, stabilizes cristae structure, preserves cytochrome c association with the IMM, and maintains electron transport chain (ETC) efficiency. This reduces mitochondrial ROS production, restores ATP synthesis, prevents mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, and inhibits apoptosis. It accumulates 1000-fold in mitochondria relative to cytoplasm despite having no net charge.
Key Research Papers
Demonstrated SS-31 prevented progression to kidney failure and cardiac remodeling in a metabolic syndrome mouse model via mitochondrial protection.
View on PubMed →Showed SS-31/Elamipretide restored mitochondrial ATP production inhibited by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.
View on PubMed →Stacks Well With
Both are mitochondria-derived/targeted; MOTS-c improves nuclear gene expression for metabolic function while SS-31 directly protects inner mitochondrial membrane u2014 powerful mitochondrial biogenesis stack
Humanin is cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic; SS-31 reduces mitochondrial ROS u2014 together they provide comprehensive mitochondrial protection and longevity support
NAD+ restores electron carrier availability; SS-31 protects the ETC machinery u2014 synergistic mitochondrial rejuvenation
Frequently Asked Questions
Unlike systemic antioxidants like Vitamin C or E, SS-31 concentrates 1000-fold specifically within mitochondria, targeting oxidative damage at its source in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Yes u2014 Elamipretide is the INN (international non-proprietary name) for SS-31, which was in Phase II/III trials for heart failure and Barth syndrome.
Many users report improved energy and exercise tolerance within 1u20132 weeks, corresponding to improved mitochondrial ATP output.
Legal Status by Region
This information is provided for educational and research purposes only. Not approved for human consumption by the FDA or any regulatory body. Always consult a qualified medical professional.